family dysfunction schizophrenia tutor2u

Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. There is a sizeable minority who do not respond to drug treatment. Tarrier (2005) reviewed trials of CBT, finding evidence of reduced symptoms, especially positive ones, and lower relapse rates. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. West Yorkshire, Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Schizophrenogenic Mother | SpringerLink Family dysfunction | definition of Family dysfunction by Medical dictionary Schizophrenia seems to be polygenic, as a number of genes have been implicated. Schizophrenia: Drug Therapy - A Level Psychology AQA Revision - Study There is evidence that people diagnosed as schizophrenic have difficulties in processing various types of information, for example visual and auditory information. Schizophrenia and Dopamine: Links and Connections - Healthline Outline and evaluate the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia Other side effects are potentially fatal, for example agranulocytosis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia - YouTube Newer drugs, called atypical antipsychotics attempt to target D2 dopamine activity in the limbic system but not D3 receptors in other parts of the brain. Brown and Birley (1968) 50% people who had an acute schizophrenic episode had experienced a major life event in 3 weeks prior. Ethical issues Antipsychotics have been used in hospitals to calm patients and make them easier for staff to work with rather than for the patients benefit Can lead to the abuse of the Human Rights Act (no one should be subject to degrading treatment). The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? They are also encouraged to evaluate the content of their delusions or of any internal voices they hear and to consider ways in which they might test the validity of their faulty beliefs. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Clozapine, Olazapine and Risperidone. Benzel et al. Refer to one or more typesof family dysfunction in your answer. In CBT, patients may be taught to recognise examples of dysfunctional or delusional thinking, then may receive help on how to avoid acting on these thoughts. This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. Antipsychotic drugs are weakened by the fact that they have severe side-effects. [2 marks], - All drugs have side effects that can be severe and may lead to patients avoiding medication and hence to relapse, Outline and evaluate the use of antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia [8 marks], 'Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. Eg. Researchers estimate up to 1 percent of adults worldwide have schizophrenia.. What . A second weakness of the neuroanatomical explanations is that it is biologically deterministic. Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. 1988) and increased dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen (Owen et al, 1978). Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction. For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. Token economies are only likely to work in a clinical setting, where patients can be constantly monitored and the system of rewards is closely controlled. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. Another family variable associated with schizophrenia is a negative emotional climate, or more generally a high degree of expressed emotion (EE). Family dysfunction - the double-bind theory Bateson et al. (2008) found that antipsychotics are generally effective for at least one year, but second- generation drugs were no more effective than first-generation ones. The effect of this is, as well as reducing positive symptoms, the reduction of depression and anxiety, and the enhancement of mood. Combining treatments is most common in the UK, although it is also sometimes used in the USA. A Level Psychology Schizophrenia exam questions Flashcards Some sufferers only take a course of antipsychotics once, while others have to take a regular dose in order to prevent symptoms from reappearing. Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? Often, little or nothing is done to rectify the situation or to alleviate its adverse effects upon the child. If family dynamics were the sole cause of schizophrenia, then all children raised in similar environments should be schizophrenic. However, the fact that these people were on medication and having regular meetings with doctors would be expected to have that effect anyway. Desirable behavior includes self-care, taking medication, work skills, and treatment participation. They found that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double bind statements by their mothers than non-schizophrenics. This supports a genetic link. C: Consequences what impact does that have on your relationships with others? This raises practical and ethical issues when selecting different types of tretment. Many people who experience feelings of persecution have a general tendency to assume that other people cause the things that go wrong with their lives. Chronic schizophrenics achieved 3lbs of weight loss a week. Describe the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia and explain how. Individual differences EE is associated with relapse but not all patients who live in high EE families relapse and not all patients in low EE families avoid relapse Family dysfunction is an incomplete explanation for schizophrenia. Describe and evaluate family dysfunction as an explanation for If diagnosis leads to successful treatment, the diagnosis can be seen as valid. We are committed to engaging with you and taking action based on your suggestions, complaints, and other feedback. 3. Culture One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do with cultural relativism and variations in diagnosis. (1990). Read the model answers to get a clearer idea of what is needed. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. It binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than Clozapine, and there is some evidence that it produces fewer side-effects. Laing and others rejected the medical / biological explanation of mental disorders. All patients are in danger of relapsing but without medication the relapses are more common and more severe which suggests the drugs are effective. The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). They assumed the bogus patients were schizophrenic with no real evidence. Ayllon and Azrin (1968) set up a token economy with schizophrenic patients in a psychiatric institution. Delusions are false beliefs. Psychologists use the DSM and ICD to diagnose a patient with schizophrenia. Christopher Frith (1979) argues schizophrenia is the result of a faulty attention system. However she still suffers negative symptoms and side effects. Tokens are secondary reinforcers, which are exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers), for example food, being allowed to watch a film, and so on. First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo Therapists may use logical (does it make sense? In order to explain schizophrenia effectively it would be better to take an interactionist approach, such as the diathesis stress model. Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Very important to note genetics are only partly responsible, otherwise identical twins would have 100% concordance rates. Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. Meehl suggested that the vulnerability is genetic (the result of a schizogene), causing a sensitive personality. For example, some patients on typical antipsychotics develop tardive dyskinesia- a condition where there are uncontrollable facial tics. At least 73% of his sample reported that these strategies were successful in managing their symptoms. Family dysfunction refers to the workings of dysfunctional families, and the effects of being brought up in one, contributing to schizophrenia. The dopamine hypothesis is another biological explanation for schizophrenia. Imagined stimuli could involve any of the senses. (2005) tested the reliability of the ICD-10 classification system in diagnosing schizophrenia. In the 1950s and 60s nurses often rewarded patients with cigarettes. This suggests that biological factors predispose someone to schizophrenia, but this has to be triggered by some sort of experience or stressor. Neuropsychologist Michael Foster Green suggests that neurocognitive deficits in basic functions such as memory, attention, central executive and problem solving skills may combine to have an outcome which we are labelling Schizophrenia as if it was the cause when in fact it is simply an umbrella term for a set of effects. West Yorkshire, VAT reg no 816865400. First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. A final weakness of the dopamine hypothesis is that it is biologically deterministic. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found . For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. Company Reg no: 04489574. Second, cognitive biases are present when people notice, pay attention to, or remember certain types of information better than other. Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. THE DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY - Institute Of Counseling A study by Anderson et al. blended family a family unit composed of a married couple and their offspring including some from previous marriages. A strength is that the research into enlarged ventricles and neurotransmitter levels have high reliability. Without this knowledge a person displaying overt emotional behavior in a Western culture might be regarded as abnormal. Atypical antipsychotic drugs work on negative symptoms, improving mood, cognitive functions and reducing depression and anxiety. Evidence to support this view comes from the prospective adoption study by Tienari et al. However the difference only emerged in situations where the adopted family was rated as disturbed. Therefore, CBT has potential ethical issues. Kahn et al. Psychological therapies are very rarely used alone, but sometimes patients may just take drugs without any other therapy. Work out ways to recognise negative thoughts and test faulty beliefs when they arise, and then challenge and re-think them. With these particular questions there is a sizeable risk that people dont understand the difference between the questions, and then write about the wrong thing. Schizophrenia Revisions Notes - Simply Psychology Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia Miss Earle Psychology 3.57K subscribers Subscribe Share Save 2.4K views 3 years ago Family Dysfunction and Schizophrenia AO1 and AO3. Patients can receive different treatments for their SZ which will be more effective. Family therapies may improve the quality of life for schizophrenia patients and their families, but do not provide a cure for schizophrenia, rather a management of the effects. These refer to the latest editions of the two classification systems. They are effectively discriminated against (in this case, denied rewards) for being more severely ill. CBT aims to identify and alter irrational thinking including regarding: In theory, when the misunderstandings have been swept away, emotional attitudes will also improve. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. In application questions, examiners look for effective application to the scenario which means that you need to describe the theory and explain the scenario using the theory making the links between the two very clear. Parents who have already suffered their child going through the dis-order and have to look after them with care go into more trauma by being blamed for the condition. tutor2u is the leading support service for A-Level, GCSE, BTEC and IB students and teachers preparing for assessments, mocks and final exams. delusions. A co-operative, trusting relationship with the family is established, Therapist provides information about schizophrenia, Family members contribute, all contributions valued, Family is provided with practical coping skills to help deal with the disorder (to anticipate and solve problems), More constructive ways of interaction and communication encouraged (to avoid expressed emotion), Training to detect any signs of relapse in the patient. Boston Spa, [8 marks] The fact that jack could never talk to his mum shows a symptom of schizophrenia, that fact that he displays lack of speech. The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder. The differences were so large the schizophrenic twins could be easily identified from the brain images in 12 out of 15 pairs.

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