Step 2: Input the no. Adding EV Charger (100A) in secondary panel (100A) fed off main (200A). Thanks @saeed, the explanation of BSFC was very useful too. Can someone explain why this point is giving me 8.3V? What are the advantages of running a power tool on 240 V vs 120 V. Vehicles produce about half of the greenhouse gases from a typical U.S. household. How can "mpg" be high under low engine load? For further information, visit the cylinder volume calculator! @Dario "MPG" is the acronym for "miles per gallon," the measure of fuel-efficiency using Imperial units (miles and gallons). Thanks for contributing an answer to Engineering Stack Exchange! fuel consumption in l/100km (liters per 100 kilometers). What are the advantages of running a power tool on 240 V vs 120 V? fuel economy in mpg US (miles per US gallon), What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? Understanding that is key for the correct interpretation and comparison of fuel consumption estimates such as those produced by this calculator. Generic Doubly-Linked-Lists C implementation. This engine cc calculator will calculate the engine capacity using the dimensions of the cylinder and piston system. Equivalent fuel economy/efficiency ratings are converted and shown for all units, For gasoline engines, the stoichiometric , A/F ratio is 14.7:1, which means 14.7 parts of air to one part of fuel. How do rollercoaster designers calculate the ideal curve? Gas rate = price per gallon divided by miles per gallon 0.6 gallons per hour) (C) Cost of fuel (I) Time duration at idle Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Product Tech. Fuel is an additive to the air, not the other way around. Record the trip ending odometer reading (this might also be the starting reading for your next trip). 75% Load. I need some particular Pids of OBD besides rpm, speed, fuel level and fuel type? The Corrado could touch 30 mpg under the same conditions, but only with constant attention to never having fun. Advertisement 300-hp Diesel Engine Example GPH = (0.4 x 300)/ 7.2 = 120/7.2 = 16.6 GPH 300-hp Gasoline Engine Example per HP | .40 lb. Suppose we're looking for optimum fuel consumption. Would you channel pros have recommended sending private IM to OP instead? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Usingour25-902 fuel filteras an example lets see how the filter fitting size and line size relates to flow. 50% Load. Note that it is associated with a unique speed and load combination. Now you have an approximatepeak gph fuel requirement for your engine that can guide you in choosing your fuel system components. MPG stands for miles per gallon and, as this name suggests, it's the number of miles that a car can cover on a gallon of fuel. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Often referred to as 'engine capacity,' this is the measurement of the total volume of the cylinders in the engine. It follows that type A is more efficient than type B using this definition. You can add, edit, and remove vehicles at any time. As others have implied, this mitigates all the "tire pressure/driving style/coasting/parked running" details and becomes a simple question of * calculated GPS distance/fuel % delta*. It is called Break Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and it may be written in grams per kilowatt-hours of work done by the engine. This way you will only need to multiply your horsepower by that figure to arriveat your GPH rate, without the need for converting from lbs to gallons after. Does a password policy with a restriction of repeated characters increase security? But I think people would like the know their actual L/100 km. The Canton Blogis your source for information and insight on the world of engine oil and cooling systems. Can I connect multiple USB 2.0 females to a MEAN WELL 5V 10A power supply? The default values are for distance 200 km, volume 200 liter and consumption 10 liter/100 km. Engine fuel consumption is something that is measured through experiments and recorded as a function of speed (RPM) and load (torque). Our filter tests showed that in stock based applications with OE fittings andfuel lines in the 3/8 range thefitting and line size was the determining factor for flow. Step 3: The engine cc calculator will provide you with the bore diameter which is 23.15 mm. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. To start the calculations for fuel consumption we use theBSFC (Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption)for the fuel being used. Given, no. Litres are a measure of volume of any type, not just liquid quantity. :), @Dario If you only have the percentage of fuel tank, then require the user to input the size of the fuel tank when they setup a profile for their vehicle. We can help you advertise its mpg. The formula for calculating fuel consumption used in this online fuel consumption calculator is: Fuel consumption = Fuel used / Distance travelled The result depends on the metrics used as input: miles per gallon if the input was in miles and gallons, and km per liter if the input was in kilometers and liters. Save this new fuel level for your next calculations, and store the previous fuel consumed tally if you plan on using it later. This website is administered by Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the U.S. DOE and the U.S. EPA. These things affect fuel efficiency, yes, but they are not things you can calculate. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. This is because an engine can run at a specific rpm at no load, half load, full oad, etc. If you are using a quality fuel filter like our, your filter should be out flowingthe fittings and fuel lines on your car by a considerable margin. Accessory Brackets & Eliminators. lb = pound(s). It only takes a minute to sign up. Then you have a way of taking the engine size, RPM and historical average data and infer gas use real time. All you need to do is input: That is unless there is already published data on this. We are not to be held responsible for any resulting damages from proper or improper use of the service. According to our calculations, the turbocharged small-block Ford will require a minimum of at least 440 pounds of fuel per hour, and the all-motor LSX will need 360 pounds of fuel per hour. 565), Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. At a steady 55, driven gently, the Golf delivered 35-40 mpg in California's Central Valley. The French will get it right by multiplying 200 x 0.625 = 125. Has depleted uranium been considered for radiation shielding in crewed spacecraft beyond LEO? Engine size is also called engine displacement and it is the total displacement of an engine, which is the volume of air/fuel mixture an engine can draw in during one complete engine cycle. What is it costing you in fuel per kilometer? How much air will an engine use per tank of gas? For example I drive a Ford Ka with a: This way you will only need to multiply your horsepower by that figure to arriveat your GPH rate, without the need for converting from lbs to gallons after. These are important questions whenselecting fuel filters, lines, and pumps for a performance engine. P.S. What is the the base fuel calculation in a fuel injected vehicle based on? happy to take advice using non-metric, but if so please just be precise in terms of what you're using (e.g. Step 3: Use the stroke length, L = 250 mm. What does cc mean in an engine What is cc in an engine nomenclature? So the question boils down to which engine has more friction per cycle, and which car has more weight to carry around. I have this weird misconception that the engine size is related to the amount of fuel being burned in one cycle(4-stroke engine). Livello carburante = Tank level fuel The difference there being the Prius was being driven flat out, way past what it was designed to do efficiently whereas the M3 was cruising along because it has the power and gearing to go much faster. Fuel is measured in pounds instead of gallons. You can edit vehicles to personalize the MPG and fuel prices. Let's set the unit for the engine displacement to cu in. 5) Need to know actual gas left in tank (don't have a way of figuring this out) so the app can use this and the above calcs to let you know if you need to fill up. The fuel consumption calculation is correct in both cases. four parts: f uel consumption of main engine(M/E), fuel consumpt ion of auxiliary engine(A/E), fuel con- sumption of marine boiler and fuel oil substitution for using s hore-to-ship power in port[4]. Then determine the line size and pump to support that flow. per HP FSW: 6.1 lb. A narrowband O2 sensor tells the ECU if it is over or under stoichiometric mixing and it will adjust instantly. This filter features OEM style Fordfuel fittings specifically found on the 4.6 modular motor Mustangs. The engine capacity is measured in cubic centimeters (cc) and cubic inches (cu. mpg or your km/l yourself. And the axes of the plot are speed and load. And from obd2 i can't read mileage (for me km percurred)only the on board car computer can manage Km (distance). or i'm wrong? If you'd like to cite this online calculator resource and information as provided on the page, you can use the following citation: Georgiev G.Z., "Fuel Consumption Calculator", [online] Available at: https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/fuel-consumption-calculator.php URL [Accessed Date: 01 May, 2023]. Fuel Consumption Calculator - liter/km Fuel Consumption Chart Use the chart below to estimate fuel efficiency. The depth of the cylinder, L can also be written as stroke length. You must have read about a 2 liter engine or a 100 cc motorcycle. For example, if you notice that your usually spend $0.15 per mile (15 cents per mile), then if you know you will be travelling for 200 miles, you can calculate the cost of the trip by multiplying 200mi x $0.15 = $30 for a 200 mile trip. What is Wario dropping at the end of Super Mario Land 2 and why? of cylinder as 2 and stroke length as 150 mm. The more pistons you have (V6 vs. I4) the more friction you will have. The Trip Vehicles section above will be updated with the cost of fuel for the trip. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Our Engine Size and Fuel Consumption Calculator helps determine the size of an engine and its fuel consumption rate. Check out 22 similar machines and mechanisms calculators . Step 1: Enter the engine displacement, V = 200 cc. BSFC measures the amount of fuel needed per horsepower per hour. Additionally, the fuel consumption calculator will output the fuel cost per mile or fuel cost per km, depending on the metric units selected, as well as miles per $ / km per $. Jump to the compression ratio calculator to find out how! Record the number of gallons or liters required to fill the tank once again. In this application the stock line would not be able to flow much more then 60 GPH without significantpressure flow restriction accumulating. Fuel Consumption Calculator To determine the fuel consumption of your Arrow engine and compare the cost of using other fuels, please fill in the input values below and click the "Calculate" button. So if a larger engine needs more air (more swept volume) per cycle then yes it will require more fuel. A few notes here A/F ration on cars can actually vary a lot 12:1ish for maximum power to 18:1sih in lean cruise modes. Can I connect multiple USB 2.0 females to a MEAN WELL 5V 10A power supply? Yes! Below is the Formula to Estimate Maximum Engine Fuel Consumption. It can only be done as the vehicle system, with a screw, for a specific speed through the water. So if a larger engine needs more air (more swept volume) per cycle then yes it will require more fuel. Why in the Sierpiski Triangle is this set being used as the example for the OSC and not a more "natural"? Which ability is most related to insanity: Wisdom, Charisma, Constitution, or Intelligence? AE NOx = (0.031 lb NO x /bhp-hr) x 250 bhp x 2,080 hr/y = 16,120 lb NO x /yr An alternative method is used if fuel consumption is provided. Calculate fuel economy in automobiles in US or Metric units. The French will see that for type A the average is 0.625 while for type B it is 0.5 and will conclude that type B is more efficient than type A, as the car will use less fuel to cover the same distance. If you are continuing your calculations from the last time the app was reset, add this amount to the previous fuel tally (but don't overwrite the previous fuel tally). I try to use the MAF for calculating Fuel Consumption reading this Link but my car don't support the MAF PID, 0110 i get NO DATA response, so this formula is not good. City percent must be a number between 0 and 100. Now that you've mastered calculating an engine's volume, why not learn how to find the force associated with a piston? The car knows how much fuel is left in the tank, that's what the fuel gauge is for, and many (but not all) vehicles relay this info through the OBD2 connector. It is called Break Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and it may be written in grams per kilowatt-hours of work done by the engine. This information will be useless for what you are intending to do. wanna understand how those calculations are made, mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/21434/, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. highway fuel consumption and city drive consumption could replace Car 1 and Car 2 in the above table and produce the same result. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Scroll down and read through our guide to understand better. = price per kilometer. D = ((4 * V) / (N * * L)) = ((4 * 200000) / (2 * * 150)) = 23.15 mm. So I thought that in one cycle 1.3L of fuel is burned, but this is not the case so can someone please explain how they are related. We are occasionally asked, what fuel flow do I need to support my application? city or highway driving). PTO = power take-off. Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for mechanics and DIY enthusiast owners of cars, trucks, and motorcycles. Engine aspiration, {Turbocharged, Supercharged, and Naturally Aspirated engines have different BSFC's (see Glossary of Terms for definitions)} When planning your fuel delivery system we recommend first starting with an estimate of the fuel consumption your engine will require. FMEP times volume = Power per cycle needed to fight friction. When a gnoll vampire assumes its hyena form, do its HP change? At 65, 30-35mpg for the Golf. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. An engine's BSFC can vary depending on load and RPM, these rates aim to represent the peak horsepower environment. This is the total number of gallons or liters you used for the trip (or the time period). Interestingly, if you'll notice the term: Enter the price per gallon. There are more things affecting fuel efficiency than the OBD2 connector can tell you about. With regular driving the Air/Fuel ratio is kept constant at 14.7:1. following a course of hard acceleration, turns and braking, can be driven to a crap MPG. You can also get the mileage through the OBD2 connector. The engine size and fuel consumption calculator works by using the following formula: The bore, stroke, and number of cylinders are inputs provided by the user and are used to calculate the engine size. The way it works, the bigger the engine size, the more space there is for fuel and air inside. These calculations are essential for determining the efficiency of an engine and can help in making informed decisions when purchasing a vehicle or managing fuel costs. Therefore, engine displacement can also be referred to as: Engine displacement = No. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Hybrids, Diesels, and Alternative Fuel Cars, Tips for Hybrids, Plug-in Hybrids, and Electric Vehicles, Plug-in and Fuel Cell Vehicles Purchased in 2023 or After, Pre-Owned Plug-in and Fuel Cell Vehicles Purchased in 2023 or After, Plug-in and Fuel Cell Vehicles Purchased Before 2023. Fuel economy is the amount of fuel / gas required to move a car / SUV over a distance.Fuel efficiency is the efficiency of converting energy contained in a carrier (car or SUV) gas /fuel to kinetic energy or work.Fuel / gas efficiency can mean the output one gets for a unit amount of gas input such as "miles per gallon" or "liters per 100 kilometers" for an car / SUV (sometimes called fuel . Also save the odometer reading taken at this time. A BMW throbbing along at a similar speed, driven perhaps not so hard because it would go faster or slower given the same inputs, will produce a happier MPG. Estimating Diesel Consumption. Note that most of the mechanical losses come from the friction between the piston and the bore. So the question boils down to which engine has more friction per cycle, and which car has more weight to carry around. of cylinders, N = 2; stroke length, L = 150 mm; and engine displacement, V = 200 cc. About fuel level, yes you can see the % of fuel with PID 015E if i'm right. Addiction calculator tells you how much shorter your life would be if you were addicted to alcohol, cigarettes, cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, or heroin. GVWR = gross vehicle weight rating. Its important to note that these calculations are only rough estimates and actual fuel consumption can vary greatly based on the specific vehicle and driving conditions. Example: To determine the deck height required for a 2332cc engine with a compression ratio of 9.5:1, and cylinder heads with a combustion . Odometer ar 2nd fuel fill eg 1500km Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professionals and students of engineering. Looking for job perks? Side-by-Side comparison of cars and trucks. Equivalent fuel economy/efficiency ratings are converted and shown for all units, mpg US, mpg Imp, km/l and l/100km. An engine's BSFC can vary depending on load and RPM, these rates aim to represent the peak horsepower environment. Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for mechanics and DIY enthusiast owners of cars, trucks, and motorcycles. This is how to calculate your Would you ever say "eat pig" instead of "eat pork"? Calculate vehicle The US engineer will see that for type A the average is 2.5 while for type B it is just 2.0, concluding that type A is more efficient than type B as it can cover a greater distance with a liter of diesel, petrol, gas, etc. When planning your fuel delivery system we recommend first starting with an estimate of the fuel consumption your engine will require. Fill up your tank with fuel before you start a long trip or the block of time you want to track. The data you need for this calculation is . This calculator can estimate fuel cost according to the distance of a trip, the fuel efficiency of the car, and the price of gas using various units. Wir verwenden Cookies um Inhalte und Anzeigen zu personalisieren, um Social-Media-Funktionen zur Verfgung zu stellen und unseren Traffic zu analysieren. What differentiates living as mere roommates from living in a marriage-like relationship? Why did DOS-based Windows require HIMEM.SYS to boot? Engine Calculator. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. What you tried is the cylinder volume times revolutions per minute. Input Engine Displacement (L): The size of the engine, measured in liters.. Once you have this input, you can use the formula to calculate the idling fuel consumption in liters per hour. High idle. BSFC .50 / 6.25 = .0800 gallons / horsepower / hour. If they did the test 20MPH slower it'd been a different story. I'm italian so i need to understand better what you say using some traslater for technical parts and i will try your suggestion. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Our engine size calculator is used to determine the engine size or displacement of an engine based on its specifications. It is also a lesson on applying appropriate data transformations. Did the Golden Gate Bridge 'flatten' under the weight of 300,000 people in 1987? if the fuel level went down, the car has been driven. MPG = distance (km) x average gas consumption (litres) / 100 km However, it's much easier to use the MPG calculator. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. A minor scale definition: am I missing something? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Engines & Components . Similarly, for km. in. I have a marine diesel engine, and I'd like to calculate the approximate fuel consumption based on the size of the engine, at a given number of RPM - specifically for the cruising recommended cruising RPM of 2880 - 3240. Fuel Consumption. 2010 Ford Fusion hybrid-- terrible gas mileage. @Dario Sure, that would allow you to calculate range. The stoichiometric AFR depends on fuel type- for alcohol it is 6.4:1 and 14.5:1 for diesel. How can I control PNP and NPN transistors together from one pin? Calculate vehicle fuel economy in mpg US (miles per US gallon), mpg Imp (miles per Imperial gallon), km/l (kilometers per liter) or fuel consumption in l/100km (liters per 100 kilometers). We can help you calculate and track your fuel economy. Clarkson was and is an entertainer. Is the Prius running on battery? l = liter(s). Use MathJax to format equations. If you are using a quality fuel filter like our CM filters your filter should be out flowingthe fittings and fuel lines on your car by a considerable margin. Interesting idea, probably should have patented it before putting it in the public domain, can see this being useful to GPS peeps/MAP peeps. And i can read type of fuel, engine coolant temp, rpm and speed. Yes they are similar but for me not the sameanyway can be helpfull for some steps of my question, Here is an offhand comment that is not a specific answer, however: If you have a phone that speaks "bluetooth" to an OBD adapter, it most certainly has a GPS capability. Horsepower BSFC. Estimate the fuel consumption rate by entering the kilowatt rating of your diesel or natural gas generator. When you calculate miles/gallon (mpg) or kilometers/liter (km/l) you are calculating fuel economy in terms of distance per unit volume or distance/volume. he conversion rate from lbs to gallons which is 6.25 lbs to 1 gallon of gas. What is scrcpy OTG mode and how does it work? Alternatively, you can calculate the diameter of the cylinder of stroke length using the engine displacement. Compare the gas mileage and greenhouse gas emissions of new and used cars and trucks How to use the fuel efficiency calculator? Hi Chris, i don't need patent because a lot of people had same idea like mine :D :D . the problem is how to calculate the best consume during the travel. It's recommended for chatter outside answering the question to take it to a chat room, whether the Pitstop, or creating your own. Did the drapes in old theatres actually say "ASBESTOS" on them? I know this is stupid but how does engine size relate to the amount of fuel being burned in one cycle. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. rev2023.4.21.43403. All other things being equal- same car body shape, mass, road, tires, cylinders, strokes, fuel/air system and ignition etc, a larger engine operating at middling RPM and power will require slightly more fuel to overcome friction than a smaller engine also comfortably operating at middling rpm and power. To calculate KMPL, the following equation is used: KMPL = D / F where ' D ' or distance is in kilometers and ' F ' or fuel is in liters. The engine displacement calculator can work backward. Given, no. The only think that is supported to all car is the speed car and with this i can use some inverse formula and get distance traveled. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(2368389, '09b67a15-b1f5-4f92-853a-9d4b0821002b', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Topics: Calculate the capacity of a 4 cylinder engine having bore diameter 50 mm and stroke length of 250 mm in cubic inches. By inputting the bore (diameter of the cylinder), stroke (distance traveled by the piston), and the number of cylinders, the engine size calculator can accurately determine the engine displacement. This is more complicated than a simple ratio. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Step 2: Input the no. However, the actual figure will vary dramatically. Follow the steps below to know how to find engine displacement using our ingenious engine displacement calculator: Step 1: Count the number of cylinders for the engine, N. Step 4: The engine size calculator will return the engine displacement value in cubic centimeters (cc) or cubic inches (cu. Manufacturer will give info like fuel consumption figures - have you looked for that info? Ever wondered what does cc or cubic inch written alongside an engine means or how to find cc of an engine? 360 lbs/hr. https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/fuel-consumption-calculator.php, Avoid or reduce the use of air conditioning, Reduce the weight of the vehicle by not carrying excess cargo. Consumo stimato = stimed consumption The thermal equilibrium calculator helps you determine the final temperature at which two objects or systems are in thermal equilibrium. Sources ANL 1: Stutenberg, K., and Lohse-Busch, H. "APRF [Advanced Powertrain Research Facility at Argonne National Laboratory] Conventional Vehicles Snapshot Study." Gasoline .45 - .50E85 .63 - .70Methanol .90 - 1.0. Calculate fuel economy in automobiles in US or Metric units. by converting the BSFC you preferfor your fuel from the normal lbs/hp/hr unit of measure to a gal/hp/hr measure. of cylinder as 2 and stroke length as 150 mm. The following formula is used to calculate fuel consumption in litres / 100kms, the most commonly used measure of fuel consumption. The long length and twist and turns in the fuel line mean resistanceto flow is much greater. This website is administered by Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. You would need to sample many cars - perhaps crowd source it. The Cost to Idlecalculator computes the total fuel cost of idling an engine based on the fuel consumption rate at idle (R), the cost of fuel (C) and the duration of time at idle (I). This website is administered by Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the U.S. DOE and the U.S. EPA. For instance, let us determine the diameter of a cylinder for a 2-cylinder engine having a displacement of 200 cc with a stroke length of 150 mm. Selling your car? Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. I'm not sure how this gives the OP information about the PID they're requesting? If we give each car of type A a liter of fuel, they will cover 5 kilometers combined while giving each car of type B a liter of fuel, they will cover only 4 km combined. Most people would argue that when we care about how much fuel we would need to cover a given distance. sequential (one-line) endnotes in plain tex/optex. It's possible to do that with the obd2 connected with the phone? For example, you may just want to track your weekly gas usage. It only takes a minute to sign up. Air/Fuel Ratio: The AFR defines the ratio of the amount of air consumed by the engine compared to the amount of fuel. Do simple math to get fuel efficiency since last fillup and last app reset (distance / fuel used = MPG, fuel used / distance * 100 = L/100 km), If the user inputs the distance needing to be driven for the entire I have not been a "developer" for decades, but if you have access to the phone API for the GPS data, most of your hard work will be done. = diesel. running E85 or Methanol be sure to use those BSFC values in your formula as well as the appropriate lb/gal conversion value for your chosen fuel.. To calculate peak fuel consumption for an 800 hp E-85 engine we can use a BSFC of .70 and a lb/gal of 6.59. Find and Compare Cars How to use the engine displacement calculator? You want to be sure that your componentscan delivererthe fuel needed to supply your thirsty engine. All rights reserved. Input Unit Type 1 = Inches 2 = mm : Bore Size : Stroke Size : Number of Cylinders: Rod Length .
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